Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the Chlorella vulgaris microalgae, a mix beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how enhance spinach quality by implementing sustainable eco-friendly production method. research focused on analyzing parameters leaf nitrate accumulation baby grown floating system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, 21.9% fewer yields than 100% (5270 g m?2) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved internal leaves’ hydroponically spinach. The highest amount total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g?1), vitamin C (73.83 100 g?1), soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), iron (120.07 ppm) content obtained using Bacteria induced lowest (206 kg?1) leaves, while showed (623 concentration. Moreover, provided SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) titrable acidity (0.31%). use vulgaris, potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), manganese (64.33 kg?1). conclusion, our findings demonstrate that utilization has potential significantly reduce reliance up 50%. Furthermore, an improvement spinach, as evidenced increase health-beneficial compounds, possible. Thus, cultivation presents promising approach achieving both environmental sustainability crop quality.